Mar 27, 2015
So far, experience has seemed to discredit this fear. Indeed, by boosting productivity and underpinning the emergence of new industries, technological progress has historically fuelled economic growth and net job creation. New innovations accelerated - rather than disrupted - this positive cycle.
But some are claiming the cycle is now broken, especially in technologically savvy countries like the United States. Indeed, machines are becoming smarter, with innovations like advanced robotics, 3D printing and big data analytics enabling firms to save money by eliminating even highly skilled workers. As a result of this "productivity paradox" (sometimes called the "great decoupling"), jobless growth is here to stay. We can no longer take human prosperity for granted, however rosy the aggregate indicators for profitability and GDP growth may be.
But are we really in the throes of a Frankenstein's dilemma, in which our own creations come back to haunt us? Or can we beat the productivity paradox by harnessing the power of machines to support development in ways that benefit more than the bottom line?
There is good reason to be optimistic. Many countries - even technologically savvy ones - can still benefit from the self-reinforcing cycle of technological advancement, rising productivity and employment growth. Luxembourg, Norway and the Netherlands - three innovative and capital-intensive economies that regularly appear in the upper quartile of productivity per hour and employment, according to OECD data from 2001 to 2013 - are prime examples.
Cynics will suspect that Luxembourg and Norway have managed to sustain this dynamic only because of their peculiar economic structures (a concentration in finance in the former, and in natural resources in the latter). So let's consider the Netherlands, which stands out as the only country that recently has appeared in the upper quartile not only in productivity and employment, but also in labour market participation.
The Netherlands has been a champion of innovation, gaining a fifth-place ranking in the recent Insead Global Innovation Index. A striking 85 per cent of large Dutch firms report innovative activities, while more than 50 per cent of all firms are "innovation active". Dutch firms are also world patent leaders; Eindhoven, the hometown of electronics company Philips, is the world's most patent-intensive city.
So what is the Dutch secret for ensuring that technological progress benefits all?
The Netherlands seems to be undergoing a sort of industrial revolution in reverse, with jobs moving from factories to homes. The Dutch labour market has the highest concentration of part-time and freelance workers in Europe, with nearly 50 per cent of all Dutch workers, and 62 per cent of young workers, engaged in part-time employment - a luxury afforded to them by the country's relatively high hourly wages.
Many young Dutch nationals work as part-time schoolteachers. But a more lucrative - and common - source of part-time employment in the Netherlands is the subcontracting of "white-collar" services. Highly skilled or specialised workers sell their services to a wide range of businesses, supplementing the work of machines with human value-added activity.
Another key to Dutch success is entrepreneurship. From 1990 to 2010, self-employment rates fell across the OECD countries, with business ownership in the US, for example, having declined rapidly since 2002. In the Netherlands, however, business ownership has grown steadily since 1992, reaching 12 per cent of the labour force in 2012. Almost 70 per cent of Dutch business owners were exclusively self-employed in 2008.
To be sure, rates of business ownership and self-employment are also high in low-income countries like Mexico. But the Netherlands is much wealthier, and boasts high levels of per-hour productivity, employment and participation - largely owing to its flexible and adaptive labour market.
In short, the Netherlands has restructured its economic value chain to accommodate a new division of labour between humans and machines, embracing new kinds of economic activity - especially part-time work and solo entrepreneurship - to balance human needs with technological advances. In doing so, it has highlighted the importance of "enterprising skills" - including creativity, entrepreneurship, leadership, self-management and communications - in enabling humans to keep pace with technology.
Machines may be reaching new heights of intelligence, but they are no match for human resourcefulness, imagination and interaction. This is a lesson that countries would do well to learn from the Dutch.
PROJECT SYNDICATE
The first writer is Academic Director of Innovation and Policy at Insead.
The second writer is a senior research fellow at Insead's Innovation and Policy Initiative.
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