China’s empty oceans

[Why Chinese Fishing Boats are encroaching on other countries' water.]

ADAM MINTER

AUGUST 19, 2016

On Wednesday, Indonesia celebrated its Independence Day with a bang — blowing up several Chinese boats that had been caught fishing illegally in its waters and impounded.

China does not dispute Indonesia’s territorial claims, but Chinese fishermen have more pressing concerns. According to reports in Chinese state media this week, overfishing and pollution have so depleted China’s own fishery resources that in some places — including the East China Sea —there are virtually no fish left.

That is a frightening prospect for an increasingly hungry country: China accounted for 35 per cent of the world’s seafood consumption in 2015. Seeking catches further afield — including in Indonesian waters — is not really a solution; fish stocks in the disputed South China Sea have themselves fallen by as much as 95 per cent from 1950s levels.

If China does not want the rest of Asia’s fisheries to suffer the same fate as its own, it is going to have to think much more ambitiously about how to create a sustainable food supply for the region.



As in other developing countries, China’s ascent up the income ladder has been accompanied by an improvement in quality and quantity of diet. Seafood — once a pricey luxury in much of the country — has become commonplace, even inland; China is now the world’s biggest seafood consumer and exporter.

The economic impact has been extraordinary. Between 1979 and 2013, China’s fleet of motorised fishing vessels grew from 55,225 to 694,905 boats, while the number of people employed in the fishing industry exploded from 2.25 million to more than 14 million.

Meanwhile, the average fisherman’s income increased from around US$15 (S$20) per month to nearly US$2,000 per month.

Today, the fishing industry generates more than US$260 billion annually, accounting for around 3 per cent of Chinese GDP.

But in pursuing growth (and catch) at all costs, China’s fishermen have exacted a terrible environmental toll.

Today, the Yangtze River, which supplies 60 per cent of China’s freshwater catch, produces less than a quarter of the fish it did in 1954, and most of the 170 species in the river are on the verge of extinction.

The situation is no better offshore. The government acknowledges that Chinese fishermen routinely exceed annual sustainable catch limits in Chinese territorial seas by 30 per cent or more.

A visit to any Chinese seafood market will turn up large inventories of under-sized fish that should never have been hauled in in the first place.

Blame for this state of affairs falls on both the fishing industry and the government, which spent US$6.5 billion on fishery subsidies in 2013 alone.

Nearly all of that money paid for cheap fuel that allowed, and arguably encouraged, Chinese fishermen to venture further from shore, often into the comparatively unplundered exclusive economic zones of countries such as Indonesia.

Worse, the Chinese military has openly abetted those efforts by subsidising everything from ice to GPS on Chinese fishing boats. The goal: To solidify China’s claim to “historical fishing rights” in the vast and deeply contested South China Sea.

Chinese regulators are fighting a losing battle against these other wings of the government. In 1999, China imposed a seasonal fishing ban in the South China Sea, and in 2002, regulators did the same in sections of the Yangtze River. But the continued deterioration of both fisheries only underscores how ineffective those restrictions have been. In response, in 2013, one Chinese scientist proposed an outright 10-year moratorium on fishing in the economically essential Yangtze. This week, Chinese officials signalled they were open to the idea and were even considering a wholesale culling of China’s fishing fleet.

While both measures would be a boon to Asia’s fisheries, they are only a start. To make a real difference, China would need to demilitarise its fishing fleets and end the ruinous military-funded fuel subsidies that are encouraging unregulated catches, not to mention raising geopolitical tensions. Fishing fleets should be regulated by civilian marine and agricultural authorities, not generals with little interest in environmental sustainability.

Equally important, China should explicitly link the task of reviving and preserving fisheries to the clean water and other environmental initiatives in its economic planning documents, including the government’s five-year plans. Doing so would raise them to a national priority akin to cleaning up Beijing’s air.

Those priorities could then be extended to trade agreements, including the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership that China is currently negotiating with other Asian nations, as well as bilateral deals with other claimants in the South China Sea. The goal should be to make China a leader — and perhaps even a brand — in sustainable seafood.

With luck, that would buy China not just more fish to eat, but a reputation as a responsible global citizen.

Bloomberg

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Adam Minter is an American writer based in Asia, where he covers politics, culture and business. He is the author of “Junkyard Planet: Travels in the Billion-Dollar Trash Trade.”

[Interesting suggestions at the end for how China can lead in reviving the South China Sea fisheries. The difficulty is reviving the fisheries is a long-term project with short-term pain. It would entail either a drastic cut in fishing or even an outright moratorium of quite a few years (10 years?). 

In the meantime, what is 14 million fishermen and related staff to do for a living? In the meantime, how will people get fish for food? In the meantime, what will happen to US$260b fishing industry? 

Aquaculture is a possible solution, but maybe that can provide some fish for food in a year's time, but fish farms have pollution issues, and I'm not confident that China can scrupulously safeguard the oceans and Yangtze River from aquaculture pollution.

A plausible approach is to allow dwindling quotas of catches for the next few years (say 80% in the following year, 50%, the year after, and 20% after that, and then a moratorium from the 4th year onwards for 10 years or until fish stocks are replenished). In the meantime, China uses two approaches to pursue alternative sources of fish - buying from other countries, and aquaculture or fish farming. They would have 3 years to ramp up fish farm output to cover most of the demand for fish, and make up some of the shortfall with purchases from other countries - Russia, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia?]